Virginia statute
Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-239 — Pyramid promotional schemes; misdemeanor; definitions; contracts void
Current through 2026 Regular Session
Part of Article 8: Misrepresentations and Other Offenses Connected with Sales, Code of Virginia.
Criminal charges under this statute
Full text of Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-239
Statutory text current through the 2026 Regular Session. This publication reproduces the text of the Code of Virginia from the official Virginia Law Portal API published by the Virginia General Assembly's Division of Legislative Automated Systems; it is not the official Code of Virginia.
Every person who contrives, prepares, sets up, operates, advertises or promotes any pyramid promotional scheme shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. For the purposes of this section:
(1) "Compensation" means the transfer of money or anything of value.
"Compensation" does not mean payment based on sales of goods or services to persons who are not participants in the scheme and who are not purchasing in order to participate in the scheme;
(2) "Consideration" means the payment of cash or the purchase of goods, services, or intangible property;
(3) "Promotes" means inducing one or more other persons to become a participant; and
(4) "Pyramid promotional scheme" means any plan or operation by which a person gives consideration for the opportunity to receive compensation a majority of which is derived from the introduction of other persons into the plan or operation rather than from the sale or consumption of goods, services, or intangible property by a participant or other persons introduced into the plan or operation.
All contracts and agreements, now existing or hereafter formed, whereof the whole or any part of the consideration is given for the right to participate in pyramid promotional scheme programs, are against public policy, void and unenforceable.
Any violation of the provisions of this section shall constitute a prohibited practice under the provisions of § 59.1-200 and shall be subject to any and all of the enforcement provisions of the Virginia Consumer Protection Act (§ 59.1-196 et seq.).
Official sources
Legal terms used in this section
Questions this section answers
Is pyramid promotional schemes a felony or a misdemeanor in Virginia?
Pyramid promotional schemes is a class 1 misdemeanor in Virginia under Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-239.
Which Virginia statute covers pyramid promotional schemes?
Pyramid promotional schemes is governed by Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-239 (Pyramid promotional schemes; misdemeanor; definitions; contracts void).
This reference is informational and is not legal advice.